Electric vehicle batteries keep getting larger, and the typical driving range between charges keeps growing.
The shift is partly a response to “range anxiety”—the fear of being stranded because EV batteries don’t have enough power to get to the next charging station—an idea so familiar in discussions of electric vehicles that it was spoofed in a Ram Super Bowl ad last month.
But this concern is unwarranted for a large share of EV customers, according to research from the University of Delaware, published Feb. 21 in the journal Energies.
Willett Kempton, a University of Delaware professor, and his team looked at driving data for 333 gasoline vehicles over one year in the Atlanta area, and then created a model to see the extent to which various EV options would have been able to meet the needs of those drivers.
They found that 37.9 percent of the drivers would have been able make all of their trips for the year using a small EV like a Nissan Leaf as their primary vehicle and charging at locations like home, work or wherever the vehicle was parked and charging was available. The hypothetical vehicle had a 40 kilowatt-hour battery and range of 143 miles.
To put this a different way, more than a third of drivers were able to meet 100 percent of their needs with an EV with a relatively small battery, and didn’t need to make any additional trips for the sole purpose of charging.
Keep in mind, drivers that can’t meet their needs in this scenario aren’t stranded indefinitely by the side of the road. They just need to find charging options outside of their typical routines, which usually means stopping at fast-charging stations on longer trips.
I asked Kempton what he sees as the main takeaways from this research. One of them, he said, is that small batteries can meet the needs of a large share of drivers.
“Smaller batteries have all kinds of advantages,” he said, among them cost and weight, not to mention smaller carbon footprints because they require less electricity and fewer metals like lithium. And Kempton added another benefit—“you’re reducing pedestrian injuries”—because the cars weigh much less than models with large batteries, which diminishes the severity of collisions with people and other vehicles.
An example of the price gap: The 2023 Leaf has a projected range of 143 miles for the entry-level model and a base price of $28,040; and the 2023 Ford Mustang Mach-E has a projected range of 224 miles for the entry-level model and a base price of $45,995. Prices do not take into account tax credits.
About the only time that the longer range is essential is for cross-country trips, when a vehicle with a larger battery is going to need fewer stops. But cross-country driving trips are rare for most drivers.
“It’s cheaper to rent a car for two days (per year) than to spend 10 grand on a much bigger battery,” Kempton said.
The co-authors, who also included researchers from the Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia and Georgia Tech, looked at scenarios involving EVs with various sizes of batteries and charging systems. They found that longer-range vehicles would rarely, and, for some drivers, never, need to use the upper reaches of their range.
The paper helps to confirm some things we knew or at least strongly suspected. Much like drivers don’t need gigantic pickup trucks to get groceries, drivers don’t need 300 miles of range when the large majority of their trips are 20 miles or less. (Cars and light trucks in the United States get used for one hour per day and travel 35 miles, based on averages compiled by the Federal Highway Administration.)
I reached out to Stephanie Searle of the International Council on Clean Transportation, a global leader in EV research, to get her impressions on the paper.
She said the study’s analysis is simple but effective, and makes some important points.
“A lot of the news lately has been around EV range getting longer and longer, but the fact is, if a lower-range car will do, it’s going to be better for the customer’s wallet and for the environment,” she said in an email. “Lower range means smaller batteries, and that reduces the upstream environmental impact from mining and battery production. Smaller batteries also means more efficient EVs that cause lower (greenhouse gas) emissions from electricity production.”
The paper’s driving data comes from a trove of information gathered from 269 households in the Atlanta area starting in 2004. Drivers agreed to have GPS devices in all of the vehicles in their households. The results were terabytes of information that have since been used by several transportation researchers.
He said the findings show the potential demand for low-cost EVs with small batteries, a part of the market that has few options in the United States.
“This kind of data allows (automakers) to say, “OK, there’s actually a market segment here,’” he said.
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But having low-cost EVs available is only one part of the equation. Another big issue is having access to adequate charging, which is a challenge for many people in urban areas who rely on on-street parking near where they live. Kempton said policymakers need to be thinking about how to put chargers where people park overnight, or else it won’t be practical for someone to own a vehicle with a small battery.
The larger point, he said, is that drivers need to begin to understand the practical differences between EVs and gasoline vehicles.
While range anxiety is something that a prospective EV owner may think about, an actual EV owner almost never thinks about recharging because it’s simply a matter of plugging in at home, Willett says—and he knows from experience as the owner of a Mach-E.
“Three hundred sixty days a year, you don’t even think about (range issues) because you wake up and have a full tank, you know? Every morning you’ve got a full tank,” he said.
Other stories about the energy transition to take note of this week:
Companies Trying to Advance Clean-Energy Technologies Are Struggling to Find Workers: The booming labor market that has led to the lowest unemployment rate since the 1960s is also creating a hiring bottleneck for the companies central to the transition to clean energy, as Zack Colman reports for Politico. The hiring challenges are across the board for clean energy industries, leading to a variety of strategies for attracting workers. But there is a larger concern that a lack of workers could be a serious impediment to the development of some new industries, like carbon removal. One source of workers may be the oil and gas industry, which has a workforce with skills that easily transfer to some of the in-demand jobs in clean energy, as Clifford Krauss reports for The New York Times. “The basics are the same,” Miguel Febres, a petroleum engineer who worked in the oil industry for 19 years and is now a planner for wind and solar projects at Enel. “We install foundations, we install turbines, we build roads, we lay cables.”
As Millions of Solar Panels Age Out, Recyclers Look to Cash In: An Odessa, Texas, plant operated by SolarCycle offers a glimpse of the process of recycling solar panels and extracting valuable materials that can be resold. The process is essential for dealing with an expected surge of retired solar panels in the coming decades, but for now, recycling costs much less than putting the panels in landfills, as Jon Hurdle reports for Yale Environment 360. The solar industry, environmental advocates and the government are looking at how to deal with solar waste, which may include a combination of recycling and finding ways to repurpose old panels. But all of the options have challenges, financial and otherwise.
Illinois Law Puts a Stop to Local Governments’ Ability to Kill Solar and Wind Projects: A new law in Illinois takes away local governments’ ability to severely limit or ban new solar or wind projects. This followed actions in 15 counties that made new development virtually off limits, and harmed the state’s ability to be able to meet its targets for making a transition to carbon-free electricity, as my colleague Aydali Campa and I report for ICN. The law follows similar measures in New York and California, and one question today is which other states are most likely to follow suit. Indiana and Michigan are both possibilities, but people closely following the legislative process in those states say they don’t expect anything to pass in the near future. One of the larger questions is whether this kind of law is a good idea. Experts say they expect the law to lead to an increase in wind and solar projects, but have concerns that the law will further inflame tensions with communities that want to have the ability to limit what gets built.
Nissan Raises Global EV Targets and Will Boost U.S. Battery Production: Nissan Motor said this week that it is increasing its electrified car sales goal and it will produce a larger share of its batteries in the United States to qualify for tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act. The Japanese automaker was a pioneer in electric vehicles, but it has struggled to compete in the EV market in recent years, as Maki Shiraki and Rocky Swift report for Reuters. The company aims to have electric vehicles, which includes gas-electric hybrids, make up more than 55 percent of global sales by fiscal 2030, up from the previous goal of 50 percent. In the United States, the company will boost production at its existing plants in Tennessee and is looking for an additional battery supplier in this country. Part of the motivation for this is to fully qualify for tax credits under the Inflation Reduction Act, which has requirements based on where a vehicle and its battery are assembled, and where the battery materials originate.
Inside Clean Energy is ICN’s weekly bulletin of news and analysis about the energy transition. Send news tips and questions to [email protected].
Dan Gearino
Clean Energy Reporter, Midwest, National Environment Reporting Network
Dan Gearino covers the midwestern United States, part of ICN’s National Environment Reporting Network. His coverage deals with the business side of the clean-energy transition and he writes ICN’s Inside Clean Energy newsletter. He came to ICN in 2018 after a nine-year tenure at The Columbus Dispatch, where he covered the business of energy. Before that, he covered politics and business in Iowa and in New Hampshire. He grew up in Warren County, Iowa, just south of Des Moines, and lives in Columbus, Ohio.
